Adolescence psychology Essay Example for Free

Adolescence psychology Essay Thermostat concept. Early vs. Late puberty whether if it effects males or females differently, eating disorders, cognitive changes (adolescence brain, the different structures, frontal cortex, limbic system) Impacts of these changes, problem solving, risk taking, changes in intellect , social transitions (elongation of adolescence, a new concept during the industrial revolution) legal implications of adolescence, clarity vs. continuity, Discontinuous Society. What is changing in adolescence in their environment and family. Parenting styles. Sibling difference and family structure. Authoritative (high responsiveness high demandingness) responsible, confident, adaptive, creative, more curious, socially skilled and successful in school Authoritarian (low responsiveness high demandingness) dependent, passive, less socially adept, confident, curious Indulgent (low responsiveness, high demanding) less mature, irresponsible, more conforming and less apt leaders Indifferent (low responsiveness low demand) delinquent behavior sex drugs, and alcohol Parenting and Temperament Same Parenting+ different temperament different outcome Adolescence also elicit different parental strategies and behaviors. With greater maternal control adolescence are less likely to be delinquent. Ethnic Differences in Parenting Styles Authoritative parenting less prevalent among Black, Asian, or Hispanic families than among white families in the U. S Beneficial effects are found for all ethnic groups Why? Could it ever be beneficial, Use caution in interpreting Adverse effects greater fro white adolescents than for ethnic minorities Autonomy Attachment in the Family Those who assert their own opinions: -higher self-esteem -more mature coping Those with little autonomy -risk for depression, low self-esteem Adolescents who dont feel connected more likely to develop behavior problems Early Adolescence: Sibling Conflict increases During Adolescence siblings become -more equal -more distan less emotionally intense Quality of par-child relationship Quality of sibling relationship Relationships with peers Same -sex vs. Mixed-sex Siblings Mixed-sex less close during early adolescence; more closer later Genes vs. Envir: Sibling Differences Two types of environmental influences shared environmental influences non-shared environmental influence Siblings may have different family experiences treated differently by parents perceive similar experiences in different ways Different peer groups/nonshared 75% of treatment(tx)by parents is similar between kids Differences are okay unless unfair Causes strain on sibling relationship, tx of siblings different but well: Better relationships, decrease rivalry Sibling deidentification trying to distinguish self from sibling can also diminish eelings of competition

U.S Involvement in the Vietnam War :: Vietnam War Essays

U.S Involvement in the Vietnam War "No new taxes." This is a quote that most all of us remember from the 1992 presidential election. Along with it we remember that there were new taxes during that presidents term in office. There are a myriad of promises made and things done in a presidential election year that have questionable motives as to whether they are done in the best interest of the people or in the interests of the presidential candidate. These hidden interests are one of the biggest problems with the political aspects of government in modern society. One of the prime examples of this is the Vietnam War. Although South Vietnam asked for our help, which we had previously promised, the entire conflict was managed in order to meet personal political agendas and to remain politically correct in the world's eyes rather than to bring a quick and decisive end to the conflict. This can be seen in the selective bombing of Hanoi throughout the course of the Vietnam War. Politically this strategy looked very good. However, militarily it was ludicrous. War is the one arena in which politicians have no place. War is the military's sole purpose. Therefore, the U. S. Military should be allowed to conduct any war, conflict, or police action that it has been committed to without political interference or control because of the problems and hidden interests which are always present when dealing with polit United States involvement in the Vietnam War actually began in 1950 when the U. S. began to subsidize the French Army in South Vietnam. This involvement continued to escalate throughout the 1950's and into the early 1960's. On August 4, 1964 the Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred in which American Naval Vessels in South Vietnamese waters were fired upon by North Vietnam. On August 5, 1964 President Johnson requested a resolution expressing the determination of the United Sates in supporting freedom and in protecting peace in southeast Asia ( Johnson ). On August 7, 1964, in response to the presidential request, Congress authorized President Johnson to take all necessary measures to repel any attack and to prevent aggression against the U. S. in southeast Asia ( United States ). The selective bombing of North Vietnam began immediately in response to this resolution. In March of the following year U. S. troops began to arrive. Although the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution specifically stated that we

America Outsourcing

Outsourcing has been a subject of debate in the world's developed countries with questions on whether it should be regulated. This follows the effect that outsourcing has had on the economies of host countries. Top in the agenda is the loss of jobs to outsourcing which has led to income inequality and joblessness in the host countries.The benefits of outsourcing however remain significant in these economies earning large amounts of revenue. To illustrate this facts, the case of General Electric will be used to analyze the role that outsourcing has played in the U. S economy.Impact of outsourcing on GE and their decision to have multiple outsourcing partnerships.General Electric (GE) has placed strong emphasis on expanding their business to international markets through outsourcing which has not only provided the company with huge revenues but also given it a strong command as the biggest company in the world by market specialization in 2004.Its international presence which has proved to be very powerful has given GE a competitive edge over other companies in the U.S which have not outsourced as expansively as it has. GE has benefited from the advantage of cheap human capital available to it in Asia, Mexico, India, China and other countries in which it ventured into.GE which specializes mainly in financial services, medical equipments, jet engines, plastic manufacture among others cannot at one time regret the decision to outsource to these countries as a result of the gains they have obtained. In India for example, the GE benefited from the large group of educated English speaking locals who provided inexpensive labor for the company.It is estimated that with two to four years experience a computer programmer in the US earned $62,000 while the same person earned $10,000 only in India.These reduced costs have fostered savings for the company giving it room to expand its activities even more. GE now boasts of its presence in over one hundred countries. Of the tot al revenue that GE earned in 2003, 45% came from the international markets which goes on to show that outsourcing has had a positive impact on the company.The company apart from benefiting in cheap labor imported materials from its home country, processed it in the subsidiaries and then sent it back to the country. The effect of this is that the production costs were reduced and the products were sold t the same price. The foreign countries also provided market for the products as well as supply of cheap and available materials.The decision for GE to have multiple outsourcing partnerships can mostly be attributed to the gains in cost cutting it was bound to benefit from such kind of arrangements. Consider that GE earns 45% of its revenue from foreign subsidiaries. This is the major reason for GE to continue outsourcing to maintain a significant flow in its revenues.As stated earlier, GE stands to obtain numerous advantages from investing in the foreign countries through outsourcing. It comes in as the nature of business to take advantage of available resources and making the maximum use of them to obtain maximum benefits.GE through outsourcing has established international partnership and it stands to gain a lot in terms of profits and reduction of costs. In the case of Mexico, the government provided for duty free import of raw materials, testing equipment, telecommunication equipments, tools and machinery. This was aimed at increasing foreign direct investment of the country which would in turn benefit from the improvement in infrastructure ad an increased job market for its citizens Warden, S. (2002: 124-133).GE was hardly affected by the income tax law which also provided for refunds on money used to export products by GE from Mexico to U.S (Vietor, 2007: 4). As a result of the huge savings made, the company advanced at a high rate establishing many plants in Mexico producing electronic motors, capacitors and lighting devices.

Experimental Report H7 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1276 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Experimental Report Aim The objective of the laboratory report was to determine the thermal expansion coefficient of copper and other materials by measuring the relative change in length of bars of the materials as a function of temperature. Introduction The average coefficient of thermal expansion ? over a temperature interval ? T is given by ?L / L0 = ? T Where L0 is the length at some initial temperature, and ?L is the change in length corresponding to a change in temperature ? T. Therefore the thermal expansion coefficient can be determined from the slope of a graph of the relative change in length ? L/L0 versus temperature change ? T. Experimental Method 1. A small amount of water was placed in the copper kettle (there was enough water so it did not take all day for it to boil, and not too little so it would have boiled dry). The kettle was placed on the tripod with an asbestos mat and heated with the bunsen burner. 2. The rest of the apparatus was set up as shown below. kettle test material bunsen burner Figure 1. Apparatus showing the set up and items used for the experiment. 3. The dial gauge was observed to understand how to read it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Experimental Report H7" essay for you Create order The initial length Lo was marked on the apparatus, and the room temperature. 4. When the water boiled the temperature of the bar was noted with the thermocouple thermometer and the dial gauge reading was also noted. These are the initial conditions taken. 5. The bunsen burner was then turned off. 6. As the bar cooled, the temperature was noted as well as the dial gauge reading every ten degrees. From this the calculation of the change in length ? L and change in temperature ? T from the initial conditions were done. 7. A graph of ? L/Lo versus ? T was then plotted. The thermal expansion coefficient ? was then found from the slope of the graph. 8. The stop screw was undone on the non-dial gauge end of the steam jacket, (reference to Figure 1was used, and the test rod was then carefully removed). Replacing with another test rod, steps (3) to (7) were repeated. Results Material | Aluminum| Temp (? C)| Extension (mm)| ? L/Lo| ? T (? C) | 96. 6| 0. 50| 1. 515 * 10-3| 71. 6| 86. 6| 0. 4607| 1. 264 * 10-3| 61. 6| 76. 6| 0. 378| 1. 145 * 10-3| 51. 6| 66. 6| 0. 30| 0. 909 * 10-3| 41. 6| 56. 6| 0. 22| 0. 667 * 10-3| 31. 6| 46. 6| 0. 48| 0. 449 * 10-3| 21. 6| 36. 6| 0. 07| 0. 212 * 10-3| 11. 6| 29. 5| 0. 025| 0. 076 * 10-3| 4. 5| Table 1. Results from the experiment of aluminum Material | Copper| Temp (? C)| Extension (mm)| ? L/Lo| ? T (? C) | 97. 5| 0. 36| 1. 091 * 10-3| 75. 2| 87. 5| 0. 32| 0. 970 * 10-3| 65. 2| 77. 5| 0. 27| 0. 818 * 10-3| 55. 2| 67. 5| 0. 222| 0. 673 * 10-3| 45. 2| 57. 5| 0. 177| 0. 536 * 10-3| 35. 2| 47. 5| 0. 13| 0. 393 * 10-3| 25. 2| 37. 5| 0. 092| 0. 279 * 10-3| 15. 2| 30. 5| 0. 052| 0. 158 * 10-3| 8. 2| Table 2. Results from the experiment of copper Data analysis To find the coefficient of thermal expansion, the change in length is divided by the initial length. This is shown by the formula: ? L/Lo Example from the results of Aluminum: 0. 5mm / 330mm = 1. 515 x 10-3 The results are shown above in Tables 1 and 2. See appendix for graph of Thermal Expansion ? L/Lo vs. ?T Experimental Discussion Problem (1) In order to find if the expansion gaps have closed up you need to find how much the material will expand at the temperatures given. To calculate this certain data of the material is needed. The material has an expansion coefficient of 20 x 10-6 ? C Each beam member of the bridge is 50m long with a cross sectional area of 5m2. To find the thermal expansion of the beam is can be expressed linearly. ? L = L0  ? (t1   t0)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1) where ? L = change in length (m) L0  = initial length (m) ? =  linear expansion coefficient (m/m ? C) t0  = initial temperature  (? C) t1  = final temperature  (? C) ? L = 50m x (20 x 10-6 ? C) x (60 ? C – 20 ? C) ? L = 0. 04m ? L = 4cm At a temperature of 60 ? C and with the bridge members being gapped 2cm apart the expansion gaps will close up and then compression on both members will take place. The expansion gaps will close up at 30 ? C. The bridge expands linearly 1cm with a change of temperature of 10 ? C (2) To calculate the stress set up on the bridge after the expansion gaps close up it is necessary to use the elastic modulus and the stress and strain calculations. Each beam member of the bridge is 50m long with a cross sectional area of 5m2. It has an elastic modulus of 2 x 1011 Pa Strain Strain can be expressed as strain = ? L / L where strain  = (m/m) ? L  = elongation or compression (offset) of the object (m) L  = length of the object (m) Stress Stress can be expressed as stress = F / A here stress  = (N/m2) F  = force (N) A  = area of object (m2) Youngs Modulus (Tensile Modulus) Youngs modulus or Tensile modulus can be expressed as E = stress / strain = (F / A) / (? L / L) where E = Youngs modulus (N/m2) Firstly use the formula for strain = ? L / L = 0. 06m / 50m = 1. 2 x 10-3 Next Young’s modulus E = stress / strain = (F / A) / (? L / L)   Re arrange the values to get the force therefore Force = E x Strain x Area = (2 x 1011) x (1. 2 x 10-3) x 5m2 = 12 x 109 = 1. 2 GN (3) If this bridge was in the design stage, it would be recommended to increase the gap of the bridge members. This gap would need to be more than 8cm if they were not to touch. Question 1 Copper has an expansion coefficient of 1. 7 x 10-5 ? C The beam is 7m long Initial temperature is 20 ? C Final temperature is 60 ? C ? Temperature is 40 ? C Expansion of Copper pipe = 7m x (1. 7 x 10-5) x 40 ? C = 0. 00476m = 0. 476mm Polythene pipe has an expansion coefficient of 200 x 10-6 With the beam at the same length and the change in temperature being the same the expansion of the pipe would be: Expansion of Polythene pipe = 7m x (200 x 10-6) x 40 ? C = 0. 056m = 0. 6mm This shows that it expands more than the copper pipe and would therefore not provide the smallest space between the pipe and the wall. Question 2 All piping systems will expand and contract due to temperature changes. Changes in temperature tend to cause a change in dimensions of any matter. The allowance of moderate change in length of an installed piping system is needed as a consequence of a temperature change is generally benefic ial, regardless of the piping material, in that it tends to reduce and redistribute the stresses that are generated should the tendency for a dimensional change be fully restrained. The main way to avoid damage or without creating a wide cavity in the wall is with the typical expansion loop as seen in Figure 2. Expansion loops are periodically placed in long pipelines subject to wide temperature changes, such as steam lines and the Alaska oil pipeline. These loops absorb changes in pipe length and thereby mute and redistribute the large stresses that would result if pipe thermal movements had been physically restrained. Similar measures for safely absorbing thermal expansion/contraction reactions need to be taken with thermoplastic piping systems or within the case of the copper piping next to the wall. Figure 2. Expansion loop. Summary Understanding thermal expansion is very important as it can impact on every kind of material. From the experiment and the results produced is it clear that as there is an increase in temperature of a material, there will be an increase in length of the material. One particular way it can increase is linearly as shown above in the Tables 1 and 2 and also in the graph Thermal Expansion ? L/Lo vs. ?T. The expansion that is shown is due to the different expansion coefficients of each material. Some will expand more than others. From the results is it clear that aluminum has a large expansion coefficient due to the change in length in relation to temperature. There are also means that can be put in place to absorb changes in pipe length such as using expansion loops or bends. Overall the results that were produced support the expected relationships between the change of length of a material and temperature.